Learning Mandarin vs Cantonese

Learning Mandarin vs Cantonese Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Mainland China and Taiwan, but it is not the only language spoken in the Chinese world. Besides the regional variations of Mandarin, there are several Chinese languages which are mutually unintelligible with Mandarin. Cantonese is one of these languages. Cantonese is spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, Hainan Island, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia and many overseas Chinese communities. Worldwide, there are about 66 million Cantonese speakers. Compare this with Mandarin, which is spoken by about 1 billion people worldwide. Of all languages, Mandarin is the most widely-spoken. Is It Better To Learn Cantonese? With 66 million speakers, Cantonese cannot be considered an impractical language to learn. If your main objective, however, is to do business or travel in Mainland China, you would be better off learning Mandarin. But if you want to do business in Hong Kong or Guangdong Province, is it better to learn Cantonese? Consider these points taken from hanyu.com: Cantonese has a lack of good learning materials.Cantonese does not have a standard Romanization system (like Pinyin for Mandarin). Yale Romanization is most commonly used in textbooks, but it is unknown to native Cantonese speakers.Cantonese is heard less often in Overseas Chinese communities as new Mandarin-speaking immigrants arrive from Mainland China. And Cantonese speakers are increasingly learning Mandarin to find work in Mainland China. So it seems as though Mandarin is more practical than Cantonese. That’s not to say that learning Cantonese is a waste of time, and for some people it may be the better choice, but for most people wanting to speak Chinese, Mandarin is the way to go.

What You Need to Know About the Epic Poem Beowulf

What You Need to Know About the Epic Poem 'Beowulf' Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in the English language and the earliest piece of vernacular European literature. Perhaps the most common question readers have is what language Beowulf was written in originally. The first manuscript was written in the language of the Saxons, Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. Since then, the epic poem has been estimated to have been translated into 65 languages. However, many translators have struggled to maintain the flow and alliteration present within the complex text. Origins of Beowulf Little is known about this famous epic poems origins, unfortunately. Many believe that Beowulf may have been composed as an elegy for a king who died in the seventh century, but little evidence indicates who that king may have been. The burial rites described in the epic show a great similarity to the evidence found at Sutton Hoo, but too much remains unknown to form a direct correlation between the poem and the burial site. The poem may have been composed as early as around 700 C.E.  and evolved through many retellings before it was finally written down. Regardless, whoever  the original author may have been is lost to history. Beowulf  contains many  pagan  and folkloric elements, but there are undeniable Christian themes as well. This dichotomy has led some to interpret the epic as the work of more than one author. Others have seen it as symbolic of the transition from paganism to Christianity in  early medieval Britain. The extreme delicacy of the manuscript, the perceived two separate hands that inscribed the text, and the complete lack of clues to the identity of the author make a realistic determination difficult at best. Originally untitled, in the 19th century the poem was eventually  referred to by the name of its Scandinavian hero, whose adventures are its primary focus. While some historical elements run through the poem, the hero and the story are both fictional. History of theManuscript The sole manuscript of Beowulf  dates to around the year 1000. Handwriting style reveals that it was inscribed by two different people. Whether either scribe embellished or altered the original story is unknown. The earliest known owner of the manuscript was 16th-century scholar Lawrence Nowell. In the 17th century, it became part of Robert Bruce Cottons collection and is therefore known as Cotton Vitellius A.XV.  The manuscript is now in the British Library, although in 1731 the manuscript suffered irreparable damage in a fire. The first transcription of the poem was made by Icelandic scholar Grà ­mur Jà ³nsson Thorkelin in 1818. Since the manuscript has decayed further, Thorkelins version is highly prized, yet its accuracy has been questioned. In 1845, the pages of the manuscript were mounted in paper frames to save them from further damage. This protected the pages, but it also covered some of the letters around the edges. In 1993, the British Library initiated the Electronic Beowulf Project. Through the use of special infrared and ultraviolet lighting techniques, the covered letters were revealed as electronic images of the manuscript were made. TheStory Beowulf is a fictional prince of the Geats of southern Sweden who comes to Denmark to help King Hrothgar rid his fabulous hall, Heorot, of a terrible monster known as Grendel. The hero mortally wounds the creature, who flees the hall to die in its lair. The next night, Grendels mother comes to Heorot to avenge her offspring and kills one of Hrothgars men. Beowulf tracks her down and kills her, then returns to Heorot, where he receives great honors and gifts before returning home. After ruling the Geats for half a century in peace, Beowulf must face a dragon who threatens his land. Unlike his earlier battles, this confrontation is terrible and deadly. He is deserted by all his retainers except his kinsman Wiglaf, and though he defeats the dragon he is mortally wounded. His funeral and a lament end the poem. The Impact of Beowulf Much has been written about this epic poem, and it will surely continue to inspire scholarly investigation and debate, both literary and historical. For decades students have undertaken the difficult task of learning Old English in order to read it in its original language. The poem has also inspired fresh creative works, from Tolkiens Lord of the Rings to Michael Crichtons Eaters of the Dead, and it will probably continue to do so for centuries to come. Translations of Beowulf Originally written in Old English, the first translation of the poem was into Latin by Thorkelin, in connection with his transcription of 1818. Two years later Nicolai Grundtvig made the first translation into a modern language, Danish. The first translation into modern English was made by J. M. Kemble in 1837. In total, it is estimated that the epic poem has been translated into 65 languages.   Since then there have been many modern English translations. The version done by Francis B. Gummere in 1919 is out of copyright and freely available at several websites. Many more recent translations, in both prose and verse form, are available today.

Eggsactly LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eggsactly LTD - Essay Example It has two departments viz. the sales department and the production department. Present scenario included the fact that the market had continued with the original enthusiasm exhibited in this machine and continued to demand more and more of such machines. However despite such a robust demand the company was not as profitable as expected due to certain cost considerations. There are two complimentary approaches to improve the profitability of the concern. One is to increase the funds position of the concern by inviting new capital into the company. This would automatically result in expansion of the production base of the company and hopefully, result in the spreading of most fixed costs on a higher production base thus improving the profits. Second approach is to follow careful budgeting process in the concern covering all of its operations. In fact budgeting process has been missing entirely at the concern with reported mismatches in sales forecast and resultant carrying over of the finished goods' inventories. Ideally the concern would benefit the most if the two approaches are taken in tandem as following second approach would not only help control the fixed costs but also the variable costs would be streamlined. In addition, the budgeting system proposed is likely to be responsibility linked budgeting system in which each executive would be assigned the key budgeted figures and be accountable and responsible for variations if significant. Sales Function Merely an over enthusiastic top executive is no guarantee to a successful sales function. This enthusiasm is, in part, attributable to the fact that the product to be sold is a successful product idea in its present form and features and is well accepted by the market and there is not much need to take up conscious advertising and media campaign. Due to this fact, while it is conceded that normal marketing strategy can be reduced to selling function in case of Eggsactly Ltd; even the vanilla sales function needs to be planned carefully and tied up with the production department. This can come through an integrated budgeting system where in the sales budget is linked and integrated with the production budget. The Sales manager would be accountable for key budgeted figures in the sales budget. The Sales Manager can, in turn, pass down, the accountability down the line to his sales executives, who may be assigned this accountability according to distribution of sales targets to them. A s part of individual initiatives the Sales Manager must look into the aspect of high turnover in his department. Some staff retention incentives can be introduced which are linked with sales targets and accountability which would help reduce the high turnover of the staff in Sales department. After this entire budgeting process must be reckoned in all its possibilities for Eggsactly Ltd and end in he choice of the best alternative which suits contextual realities of the concern. Budgeting Process Budgets are drawn to assist in clarifying and attaining business objectives. These objectives can be varied but can be commonly listed as minimizing costs/controlling expenditures, increasing revenues, gaining a higher market share, improving spread/margins (through increased sales), etc. Therefore, a statement of identified objectives becomes important at the commencement of

The Association between War Crime and Nori Films Essay

The Association between War Crime and Nori Films - Essay Example The relations between war and the noir phenomenon As pointed out, the world wars shattered the dreams of millions of human beings and led them towards the drastic effects of the same. Besides, national identity became under crisis and unity beyond borders became a myth. During this time, the Noir film genre began to portray the postwar problems. Basically, Noir film dealt with the problems faced by individuals in the postwar society. This is utmost important because the unity during wartime underwent rapid change and transformed into the visible moral problems in the postwar society. This socio-political background deeply influenced the close relation between war and Noir phenomenon. Within this scenario, the film directors related to Noir film genre began to provide ample importance to the anxieties of the mass. One can easily identify the fact that material wealth cannot reduce human anxiety, but close examination of the grass-root level reasons of the problem can. Most of the Noir films deal with the disillusionment in human life, especially related to wars. ... Paul Meehan makes clear that, â€Å"As the film begins, Teddy and fellow marshal Chuck Aule (Mark Ruffalo) are riding the ferry out to Shutter Island, a barren rock 11 miles out to sea from Boston that houses a psychiatric hospital for the criminally insane† (274). In the film, the protagonist and the inmates face helplessness, which is an important problem portrayed in Noir film genre. One can easily identify that both these problems are closely related to the problems faced the people in a postwar society. So, the Noir film genre deals with the crises related war in a postwar society. Noir Films reflect emotional trauma faced by war hero As the Noir films are related to the crises faced by the human beings, emotional trauma is an important element that differentiates the same from other genres. On the other side, heroism related to war is an important element of war films. One can see that the Noir films that deal with the theme of war are symbolic of emotional trauma faced by the heroes. To be specific, the disillusionment faced by war heroes after wartime, especially unemployment and alienation, are inculcated in Noir films. From a different angle of view, wars force soldiers and other officers to face emotional trauma and eventually leads them to emotional problems. When a war hero returns to his locality, he is forced to face a different situation. Within this context, war is not a reality, but a past experience. Gradually, the war hero feels that his heroism is limited to the context of warfront, not to the mainstream society. Besides, he cannot expose his heroism in the society and detachment from the role of a reputed soldier/officer to a civilian leads to emotional problems. For instance, the protagonist

Sandals Resort Essay Example for Free

Sandals Resort Essay Sandals resort is classified as a service. Is not something tangible an individual can buy to bring home to keep or eat, such as a T.V or a steak and potato. The product life cycle state would be the maturity state as it has been in existence for some time. It has made it’s name and is well known by many potential buyers. I would anticipate this type of product, however, could balance between the growth and maturity stages depending on promotions and remarketing strategies. Sandals is positioned in a way to fit into a consumer’s life as a luxury item as it is not a necessity. However, it could be marketed from the point that a long overdue vacation is needed, or a necessity. Sandals resort could be viewed as a destination for a wedding, a honeymoon, an anniversary trip or exciting vacation for a group of friends. Sandals is positioned as a product of value as it is an all-inclusive resort. It is also positioned to offer service, adding all of the amenities of weddings, honeymoons, top of the line restaurants and bars, etc. The packaging, or brochures and ads consist of couples in love having fun and happy. It pictures sunny white beaches with beautiful blue water. Sandals is positioned to entice an individual to come to their resorts for warmth, sun, love, romance, fun, good food and spirits. The features as well as the benefits of Sandals resort are to offer a one stop-shop vacation. Sandals resorts are all-inclusive so a couple can plan the trip easily knowing what can be spent in total for air-fare, hotel, transportation, food and drinks. There are activities which include but are not limited to scuba diving, tours, golf, dancing, spas, etc. Sandals can be a vacation full of relaxation or one of on-the-go fun. It offers love and romance which appeals to many, especially women. Pricing – Chapter 9 Competition for Sandals could be other resorts that may not have as much to offer but may be priced lower. A consumer may also feel what they receive for their money is not as much value as a vacation spot where they could bring their own RV, perhaps, and save on hotel. Or perhaps drive and save on air-fare accommodations. Others may not view the all-inclusive package as much value if they do not consume alcohol. Competition may also be those more geared toward young, single consumers. For example, Daytona Beach is a popular site for young individuals during spring-break.  Therefore, sales may go down for Sandals during these times. External influences for Sandals would be the weather. Hurricanes can devastate and demolish waterfront resorts causing costly rebuilds and months without income. The branding that they are all-inclusive could help. If an individual is looking to take a vacation and spend this amount of money, it could be cheaper in the long run to spend one low price on everything rather than separate prices for everything separately. Other branding such as a place to go for love or romance could hinder single individuals from going, hoping to find someone to connect with. It seems the Sandals resorts are priced in line with what most middle to upper class individuals can afford. If they increase the prices, it would prevent some from being able to vacation at their resorts, bring down sales. Sandals does a great job of serving the needs of its customers. They have best price guarantees, offer five-star trained chefs at their restaurants. They have numerous awards for best all-inclusive resort dating back to 2006. They have a high level of customer satisfaction. References Sandals. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sandals.com/general/awards.cfm

A Comprehensive Study of Jonas Salk Essay -- Biography

A remembrance in La Jolla, California, presents, â€Å"Hope lies in dreams, in imagination, and in the courage of those who dare to make dreams into reality.† The memorial commemorates the great virologist Jonas Salk (Salk.edu). Although many recognize Salk as the man who effectuated the eradication of polio, he also contributed to a vast amount of medical research. A comprehensive study of Jonas Salk includes his young life, early career, work with poliomyelitis, and later career and life. Daniel and Dora Press Salk became the parents of Jonas Salk on October 28, 1914. Daniel, a women’s garment designer, provided his new family with a small apartment in Manhattan (Bankston 11). As the eldest Salk received his mother’s imperishable attention. When Salk was two, the first great polio infection in the United States commenced; the concentration was most severe in New York City, home of the Salks (Hargrove 8-9). No mother was more cautious than Dora Salk. While both parents were relatively uneducated, they highly valued education. Mrs. Salk kept Jonas inside not only to protect him from feared diseases, but also to satisfy his curiosity and promote learning. She supplied Salk with literature and logical problems throughout his childhood (Barter 16-18). Salk entered free, yet prestigious Townsend Harris High School at the age of Farless 2 twelve and then graduated three years later (Bankston 13-14). He refused his mother’s preference of rabbinical school and decided to major in pre-law at the City College of New York to become a congressman (Kluger 27). After enjoying himself in science classes, he decided to switch to pre-med and become a researcher (Barter 20). He graduated in 1934 and entered the New York University School of Me... ...inoculated with Salk's vaccine. The rate of infection of poliomyelitis was eighty-six percent less than in 1954 (Carter 351). Salk began working on the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. The institute would be a haven for scientists, philosophers, and artists. The work there focused on both cancer and AIDS research (Bankston 43). Salk spent most of his life in the laboratory rather than with his wife and three sons. Donna and Jonas Salk split in 1968. He later married Francoise Gilot in 1970. He also wrote four books during the 1970s (Barter 90-91). He continued working diligently until his death by congestive heart failure on June 23, 1995. Salk had the imagination, dreams, and courage to tackle several of the most prominent issues in the United States. His ambitions and successes will live on through the thousands of lives he saved.

Issues and help seeking behavior Essay

According to Fallon and Bowles (1999) the area of adolescent help seeking behaviour is an under-researched area. Since the cognitive and critical thinking of adolescents are still developing, their behaviours toward issues concern them may vary case by case. The purpose of this report was to investigate issues concern adolescents and their help seeking behaviour toward those issues, especially seek professional helps. The report analysis was based on secondary information obtained from various researchers by scholars. The participants in the researchers were students with different demographic background, such as gender, ethnicities. Fallon et al (1999) investigated the major and minor problems concerned the adolescents and their help seeking behaviours toward those problems. The major problems were identified to be more severe and would cause participants distress, while minor problems would not distress the participants. The participants were 1,022 secondary school students from Melbourne Metropolitan area, 585 of them were male, and 419 were female. Total 297 of them were in year 7 and 8, 333 were in year 9 and 10, others were in year 11 and 12. Their ages ranged from 11 to 18 years. Each of the participants completed a survey comprised of three parts to define the adolescents’ concerns and help seeking behaviours. The first part contained demographic questions. The second part  contained mainly rating and categorizing questions to identify the major problems of concerns, nature of the concerns, and sources of help to the concerns. While the third part focused on the minor concerns. The nature of the both concerns was defined into five categories, family, interpersonal, health, education and others. And the sources of help were in the domain of friends, parents and professionals. The findings show that problems concerns different levels of students were very similar. About 50% of the participants sought help for their major problems, 40% sought for minor problems and 25% would seek help for both problems. The problems associated with family and interpersonal skills were often identified as major issues. For minor issues, family and education problems were frequently reported. Therefore the adolescents would differentiate major and minor problems and react differently toward the problems. For major problems, females were more willing to see k help than males, but there was no gender difference towards minor problems. And males preferred to ask parents and rather than friends, while females were inversely. However, on both minor and major problems, respondents were preferred to seek help from parents and friends over professionals, this may probably due to the easy access to nonprofessional sources. Gim, Atkinson, and Whiteley (1990) conducted an investigation which focuses on the issues concerns Asian-American and the relationship between acculturation and willingness to see a counsellor. The study was down through 816 Asian-American students from West Coast University. 399 of the respondents were male, 417 were female. And 291 of them were freshmen, 191 were junior, 159 were sophomores, 174 were seniors, which ranged in an age group of 16 to 37. The survey questionnaire comprised of three sections. The respondents were asked to report their demographic information and rate the seriousness of 24 issues in eight domains of concern and their wiliness to see counsellors on these concerns. Among the 24 issues, the respondents scaled highly for issues like financial, academic, relationship, conflicts with parents. The results show that for those Asia Americans, they were most willing to seek counsellors for issues like financial, academic, career, but least willing to seek help about concerns such as ethnic identity confusion, roommate, and health. The respondents’ attitudes towards seeking counsellors would be affected by acculturation, ethnicity, and gender. Asian Americans with higher level of acculturation would be more willing to seek  professional counsellors. In a similar study, Kim and Omizo (2003) generated respondents of 242 Asian American college students from mid-Atlantic and Hawaii universities ,140 of them were female and 102 were male, with an age range of 18 to 57 years. Fifty-nine of the respondents had had sought counselling before. And there were mainly from China, Korea, Philippines, and Japan. Similar conclusion was obtained that Asian Americans who were highly adhered to Asian cultural values, their attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help would be less positive and they were less willing to seek counsellors in general problems. But the sample size of the Kim and Omizo (2003) was relatively small, which may not be a strong support. In another research Eisenberg, Golverstein and Gol lust (2007) investigated the help-seeking behaviour and access to mental health service. The participants are students from Midwestern, public university. The initial sample size was 5,021 students aged above 18 years. And 2,495 were undergraduates, the remaining were graduate and professional students. Since the survey was web-based, total 2,785 students completed the survey and their demographic profile was similar to national student population. The survey used Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9) as the key measure to identify the symptoms of depression. The result shows that 15% of Students obtained psychotherapy or psychotropic medication. About 50% respondents aware that there was free counselling service on campus and where to access the mental health care. Among participants who experienced major depression, only 36% received treatment which demonstrated a low level usage of cheap university medical service. For students who did not seek help, they often held the perception that stress was normal in school, or did not realise there is a need, or having the thou ght that problems would get better as time goes by. Limitations of the research include the reliability of web survey results and the survey ignored the informal sources of help like friends and family. The investigations above all show that female is more open to seek help for issues concerns them, however, comes to the issue of dating violence, male perpetrators and victims were more likely to seek help than female (Ashley & Foshee, 2005). Ashley et al investigated the adolescents’ help-seeking behaviour and helping sources when experienced of dating violence. The analysis was based on secondary data collected in a longitudinal study of adolescent dating violence. A sample size of 365 out  of 1814 survey participants collected in 1996 was chosen in their investigation. There were 225 dating violence victims and 140 perpetrators and all the participants were public school students from rural North Carolina country. The results show that over 60% respondents did not seek help for dating violence, especially perpetrators. Amon g those who sought help, friends and family members were more frequently chosen as their help sources than professionals. But males were more willing to seek professional help than females. The possible reasons are higher social acceptance to male hitting female than female hitting male and male will cause more serious and dangerous consequences in the dating violence than female. The findings also demonstrate that older perpetrators were more likely to seek help than younger ones. Researchers suggested that as the adolescent mature, they may have in-depth cognitive on dating violence and the potential consequences of their behaviour which compelling them to seek help. In conclusion, issues concerns or distress adolescents will vary due to their levels of education, gender, ethicises, age, nationality. And adolescents’ issues usually fall in the domains of family, interpersonal, education, and health. Most of them are not willing to seek help, especially male. But for certain issues, like dating violence, male are more willing to seek help. Easy accessibility made informal sources of help like friends and family common and popular than professional counsellors when adolescents experienced psychological issues. The other reasons cause low frequency of counselling professional help will be like social norms, lack cognition or unaware of benefits from professional help. So the society should promote more benefits of professional counselling and increase the acceptance of it. For adolescents, they are still at growing stage, abilities like perceptions, cognitions, abstract thinking are also developing. It is very important to guide them have a positive thinking of seeking professional help when facing issues concern them, in the end, may also help them develop a positive attitudes in their lives. References Ashley, O. S., & Foshee, V. A. (2005). Adolescent help-seeking for dating violence:prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and sources of help_. Journal of Adolescent Health 36,_ 25-31. Eisenberg, D., Golverstein, E., & Gollust, E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. _Medical Care. 45 (7)._ Fallon, B. J., & Bowles, T. (1999). Adolescent help-seeking for major and minor problems. _Australian Journal of Psychology, 51 (1),_ 12-18. Gim, R. H., Atkinson, D. R., & Whiteley, S. (1990). Asian-American acculturation, severity of problems, and willingness to see a counselor. _Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37 (3)_, 281-285. Kim, B. S., & Omizo, M. M. (2003). Asian culture values, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and willingness to seek a counsellor. _THE COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST, 31 (3),_ 343-361.

Martin Luther King`s Persuasion Techniques

The remarkable feature of Martin Luther King’s rhetorical style is emotional appeal and dramatic descriptions. In his essay, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† he uses argumentation and persuasion techniques in order to convince readers in his position and ideas. King possesses intelligence and ana ­lytical interest raising the audience to high emotional level. The main techniques selected for analysis are emotional appeal, logic, historical and current examples, testimonials, and fact and figure.Testimonials help King to give some recommendation to readers based on his own experience and life situations. King directly addresses his opponents: â€Å"MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN† (King). He uses testimonials to make his point and persuade listeners to agree with him. Using â€Å"fact and figure† technique, King persuades readers in rightfulness of his views supported by real facts: â€Å"the contemporary church is a weak, ineffectual voice with an uncertain sound† (King).The audience feels that it is not a voice of the author, but a voice of the leader who really bears enormous burden of segregation trying to help millions of people to become equal with majority. Logic is another technique used by King to appeal to the audience and their mind. Following Walton, â€Å"The problem then is to understand generally how argumentation schemes can be seen as being a part of some framework of logical reasoning† (1996, 10). Logic means clearly expressed ideas and facts which allow the audience to follow thoughts and notions explained by the author. In the Letter, every argument forestalls the next one. â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps †¦ â€Å" (King).   Vivid arguments and personal examples are logically connected which helps the audience to grasp the idea of the essay.Control of powerful feeling intensifies emotional appeal and adds dramatic effects. To give dramatic descriptions with intensity, to make the imagined picture of reality glow with more than a dim light, requires the author’s finest compositional powers. In the Letter, King creates a vivid image of racial segregation as â€Å"a burden† with deprives many racial minorities a chance to be free from oppression and humiliation. â€Å"We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by oppressor† (King). There is intensity of illusion because the author is pres ­ent, constantly reminding readers of his unnatural wisdom. Values are universal norms of behavior and conduct followed by all people in spite of their racial or ethical background.King uses eternal human values in order to join different nationalities and minority groups. â€Å"Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you†(King).   The moral quality depends not on the validity of doctrines, but on the mora l sense and arguments presented in the work. In both books, a certain amount of plot is based on emotional response. Exclamation marks, rhetorical question and parallel structure of sentences add emotional coloring. He appeals to such human values as tolerance and morals. Idiom and metaphors create sense of reality (How to Be Persuasive. 2001). King deals with his personal sufferings and expresses the effects of the segregation on his fellow friends on a scale of universal significance. Historical and current examples create a sense of reality which helps the audience to grasp the idea of equality and its role in historical process.The main feature of this essay is that King uses historical information based on reason and expiations of the events which attract attention of the audience. Historical examples include: St. Thomas Aquinas, Socrates, Adolf Hitler. King expects that his letter helps many people to â€Å"awake† from long sleeping and start fighting, because the new s ocial order and ideas, and no doubt that in his society the main role is featured to democracy and freedom. â€Å"If today's church does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the early church, it will lose its authenticity†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (King).Personal tone is an important element of his rhetoric, because it creates a certain vision of segregation and inequality from the author’s point of view (Arguments and Persuasion Techniques in Writing, 1999). His language is logic and accurate, concise and creative. King’s rhetoric has strength, depth and delicacy of feeling.In sum, in this essay King uses traditional rhetoric techniques which help him to persuade the audience and appeal to their emotions and mind. More obvious rhetoric effects are achieved by explicitly controlling the reader's expectations with the hopes and fears held by a common citizen. Works Cited Page 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King, M.L. Letter from Birmingham Jail. 1963, n.d.   http://www.nobelprizes.co m/nobel/peace/MLK-jail.html2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arguments and Persuasion Techniques in Writing. 1999. http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/argpers.htm3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How to Be Persuasive. 2001. http://www.rinkworks.com/persuasive/4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Walton, D.N. Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.

The Complete History of Hip Hop

The Complete History of Hip Hop SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Although widely synonymous with rap music today, hip-hop actually got its start as a full-on cultural movement in the 1970s. For the first few decades that the term was around, hip-hop wasn’t just about music: it also referred to art, style, dance, and philosophy. In this article, we cover the full history of hip hop dance and music and include a helpful hip hop history timeline for reference. Origins of Hip Hop Hip hop (or hip-hop, the two can be used interchangeably) began as a culture and art movement in the Bronx, where demographics were rapidly shifting in the early 1970s. During the 1950s and 60s, many white, middle-class people left the cities to move to the suburbs. The African Americans and Latino Americans that were left behind in cities (or who moved to the cities in the intervening years) encountered many challenges in their neighborhoods, as budgets were slashed and resources diverted to the wealthier, whiter communities. Faced with a lack of economic opportunity, as well as rising crime and poverty rates, the young people in the Bronx and nearby communities began creating their own kinds of cultural expressions. These forms of expression would come together to form the four pillars of hip hop. The 4 Main Elements of Hip Hop Music Most scholars agree that there are four main elements, or pillars, to hip hop music. These pillars originated in the 1970s and continue to represent hip hop culture today: Deejaying: making music using record players, turntables, and DJ mixers Rapping: rhythmic vocal rhyming style Graffiti painting: also known as â€Å"graf† or â€Å"writing† Break dancing: a form of dance that also encompasses an overall attitude and style All four of these elements remain signifiers of hip hop as a larger cultural movement. Hip hop is typically broken into three phases: old school, new school, and 21st century. Old School Hip Hop Old school hip hop typically dates from the origination of the movement in the early 1970s up until the mid-1980s. The first major hip hop deejay was DJ Kool Herc. Mixing percussive beats with popular dance songs, Kool Herc was instrumental in developing the sounds that became synonymous with hip hop, such as drum beats and record scratches. Influenced by Kool Herc and his peers, hip hop deejays developed new turntable techniques, like needle dropping and scratching. Kool Herc also popularized rapping, which drew upon the traditions of West African griots, talking blues songs, and black power poetry, among others. Towards the end of the old school hip hop era, the movement began to gain national recognition. The Sugarhill Gang’s song â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† (released in 1979) rocketed up the national music charts, ushering in a new wave of musicians, artists, and performers, while also introducing people around the world to this new type of music. New School Hip Hop By the mid-1980s, hip hop had firmly entered its new school era. The names that headed up hip hop’s new school are more recognizable to a contemporary audience: Run-D.M.C, LL Cool J, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy. Each of these artists is responsible for making hip hop what we know today. Run-D.M.C brought hip hop to a larger audience through performances on MTV. The Beastie Boys pushed deejaying further with their digital sampling. LL Cool J and Public Enemy pushed rap in new directions: LL Cool J by bringing romantic themes into hip hop and Public Enemy by using rap to push forward political ideology. Other artists that came of age during hip hop’s new school era include Queen Latifah, who, along with Salt-n-Pepa, brought women into the genre, the Fresh Prince, aka, Will Smith, and M.C. Hammer, all of whom popularized hip hop music even more. As hip hop grew in popularity, it expanded beyond its regional roots, too. In 1989, N.W.A’s Straight Outta Compton became the most prominent hip hop album to emerge from somewhere besides New York City. The East Coast - West Coast divide evolved into a full-on rivalry between the two groups, which ended with the unsolved murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. From the ashes of the rivalry between the East and West Coasts came late 1990s hip hop, which saw artists like the Wu-Tang Clan, the Fugees, and Diddy reach new levels of popularity. Hip hop became a worldwide phenomenon at this point, too, with new audiences and artists emerging in places like Tokyo, Cape Town, London, and Paris. By the turn of the century, hip hop was the best-selling music genre in the United States. Hip Hop in the 21st Century The 21st century was a tough time for the music industry. The advent of streaming services affected all genres, including hip hop. Despite the monetary effects of the shift in music delivery, hip hop retains its prominence, influencing musicians of all genres. Over the last decade or so, hip hop has moved further from its East and West coast roots. New epicenters for the genre have emerged in New Orleans, Atlanta, Houston, and Detroit, as well as in other cities throughout the United States. Building off of the original four pillars that defined the genre, hip hop artists touch every part of American culture, from dance (think Beyonce’s show-stopping productions) to fashion (where artists like Kanye West have launched lines) to politics (Barack Obama referenced Jay Z several times during his 2008 campaign). While the future of the music industry remains uncertain, one thing’s for sure: hip hop is here to stay. Major Moments in Hip Hop History Throughout hip hop’s history there have been major moments, from the first time a drummer used a break beat on a record to the first time a hip hop album went platinum. Here are some of the major moments in hip hop history. Year Event 1925 Dancer Earl Tucker (also known as Snake Hips) incorporates floats and slides into his dancing, which would later inspire breakdancing. 1962 James Brown’s drummer, Clayton Fillyau, uses the break beat on the record Live at the Apollo. These beats would later influence break dancers. 1965 Muhammad Ali delivers one of the earliest rap lines before his bout against Sonny Liston. 1969 James Brown records â€Å"Sex Machines† and â€Å"Funky Drummer.† Both songs would later influence percussion in hip hop. 1970 Hip hop first appears in the Bronx. 1973 DJ Kool Herc deejays his first block party in the Bronx. 1974 After watching DJ Kool Herc, other DJs start playing in similar styles around the Bronx. DJ Pleaser Lovebug Starski first refers to this movement as â€Å"hip-hop.† 1975 DJ Grand Wizard Theodore invents the record scratch. 1976 DJ Afrika Bambaataa battles Disco King Mario in the first DJ battle. 1978 The music industry first uses the term â€Å"rap music,† which shifts the focus in hip hop from the deejays to the emcees. 1983 Ice T pioneers rap on the West Coast. Michael Jackson does the moonwalk, borrowing from b-boy dance moves. 1984 The Fresh Fest concert, a hip hop tour featuring artists like Run D.M.C, nets $3.5 million. Hip hop has arrived. 1985 Salt-n-Pepa enters the scene as one of the first female rap groups. 1986 The Beastie Boys release Licensed to Ill. 1987 Public Enemy releases Yo! Bum Rush The Show. 1988 N.W.A releases Straight Outta Compton. 1989 A group of friends in Manhattan forms A Tribe Called Quest. D.O.C releases No One Can Do It Better. 1991 N.W.A sells nearly one million copies of N****z For Life in its first week of release. 1992 Dr. Dre’s album, The Chronic, goes multi platinum. Wu-Tang clan release 36 Chambers. 1995 Queen Latifah wins a Grammy award from Best Rap Solo Performance. 1996 Jay-Z releases Reasonable Doubt. The Fugees’ album, The Score, wins two Grammys and debuts at number one. Tupac Shakur is fatally shot. 1997 Missy Elliott releases Supa Dupa Fly. Notorious B.I.G is shot and killed. 1998 Lauryn Hill’s solo album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, earns 11 Grammy nominations and five wins. 1999 Eminem sells four million copies of The Slim Shady LP. 2000 Dr. Dre sues Napster. 2002 Talib Kweli debuts his solo album and introduces himself as a political voice. 2003 Eminem faces controversy and opens up debate about hip-hop and racism after being caught using the N-word. Federal investigators raid the offices of Murder Inc. 2004 Dr. Dre gets punched in the face at the 2004 Vibe Awards ceremony. 2008 Jay-Z becomes the first rapper to headline Glastonbury, the largest greenfield music and performing arts festival in the world. 2010 Nicki Minaj releases Pink Friday, which hits number one on the US charts. 2018 Kanye West releases his eighth studio album, Ye, which debuts at number one. What's Next? If you're looking for something fun to do tonight, this slime recipe might be exactly what you need. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius?We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

Why Bacon Smells So Good

Why Bacon Smells So Good Bacon is the king of food. You can savor it slice by slice, enjoy it in sandwiches, indulge in bacon-laced chocolate, or smear on bacon-flavored lip balm. Theres no mistaking the odor of bacon frying. You can smell it cooking anywhere in a building and when it gone, its lingering scent remains. Why does bacon smell so good? Science has the answer to the question. Chemistry explains its potent scent, while biology rationalizes a bacon craving. Chemistry of How Bacon Smells When bacon hits a hot frying pan, several processes occur. The amino acids in the meaty part of bacon react with carbohydrates used to flavor it, browning and flavoring bacon via the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction is the same process that makes toast toasty and seared meat mouth-wateringly delicious. This reaction contributes the most to the characteristic bacon aroma. Volatile organic compounds from the Maillard reaction are released, so smell of sizzling bacon drifts through the air. Sugars added to bacon  carmelize.  The fat melts and volatile hydrocarbons vaporize, although nitrites found in bacon limit hydrocarbon release, compared with pork loin or other meats. The aroma of frying bacon has its own unique chemical signature. Approximately 35% of the volatile organic compounds in the vapor released by bacon consist of hydrocarbons. Another 31% are aldehydes, with 18% alcohols, 10% ketones, and the balance made up of nitrogen-containing aromatics, oxygen-containing aromatics, and other organic compounds. Scientists believe the meaty smell of bacon is due to  pyrazines, pyridines and furans. Why People Like Bacon If someone asks why you like bacon, the answer, because its awesome! ought to be sufficient. Yet, there is a physiological reason why we love bacon. Its high in energy-rich fat and loaded with salt two substances our ancestors would have considered luxurious treats. We need fat and salt in order to live, so foods the contain them taste good to us. However, we dont need the parasites that could accompany raw meat. At some point, the human body made the connection between cooked (safe) meat and its smell. The odor of cooking meat is, to us, like blood in the water for a shark. Good food is near! Reference: Study of the Aroma of Bacon and Fried Pork Loin. M. Timon,  A. Carrapiso,  A Jurado  and J  Lagemaat.  2004. J. Sci. Food Agriculture.

Lecture review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lecture review - Essay Example He was determined to be someone who would help develop the society (Perdue). Dr. James studied hard to become a teacher and coach. The disability did not prevent him from performing his duties because he received the award of the best teacher of the week at the Fox 17 awards. He also became the top teacher during the 2002. He showed great ambition and demonstrated that one should not give up their goals when he received his doctorate degree from Tennessee State University. He still held on to his passion, and this awarded him with the title Coach of the Year for both the years 2000 and 2006. Receiving the Dr. Ramer Award in 1991, and Jo Andrews in 1995 showed that he was able to set aside all challenges and adversities in order to succeed both as a teacher and as a coach. Narrating his life experiences made one realize the scope of the challenges that existed in the world. That all people, in one way or another, faced challenges, but they should not be a reason to back down (Perdue). Dr. James Perdue was very clear about his mission in the society. He would help others in passing through strategies so that they would emerge as survivors of the tragedy. He was very specific that it is everyone’s responsibility to help each other in times of tragedy, and even before it occurs. We should be a source of encouragement and motivation, hence acting as pillars that support the hurting (Perdue). We, who pass through the struggles of life, should find the strength of passing through all the tragedies. This enabled me to realize that as much as our friends are there to support us; we ought to encourage ourselves and uplift our spirits because today’s tragedies should not affect our tomorrow. We, therefore, ought to live each day to our fullest. We should hold on to the hope and the determination that we can beat all odds whatever the tragedy may be, or whenever it may strike (Perdue). Passion should, therefore, be our driving force through the tragic

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business environment - Essay Example The UK is experiencing an increasingly ageing population which means that there will be a corresponding rise in demand for products targeted to this demography such as medicines, fashion and accommodation (Gillespie, 2007). On the converse, companies will experience increased costs in the form of pension payments to staff that are living longer. One strategy that firms are using to tackle the rising pension costs is to tap into this labour pool of older employees, by keeping them on the job longer. Of note also it that the ageing labour is being replaced by UK high net immigration trend that is the largest in Europe (Walayat, 2010). Economy Watch (2010). The Economy of the UK, GB, British Isles (or Whatever You Want to Call It!). [Online]. 30 June 2010. Economy Watch. Available from: http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/united-kingdom/. [Accessed: 2 January 2012]. Elliot, L. (2011). George Osborne given stark warning on cuts’ impact. [Online]. 12 September 2011. The Guardian. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/sep/12/george-osborne-warning-cuts-impact. [Accessed: 2 January 2012]. Walayat, N. (2010). UK Population Growth and Immigration Trend Forecast 2010 to 2030. [Online]. 2 August 2010. The Market Oracle. Available from: http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article21565.html. [Accessed: 2 January 2012]. Weldon, D. (2011). The really big question in UK economic policy: What are low gilt yields telling us? [Online]. 20 December 2011. ToUChstone blog: A public policy blog from the TUC. Available from: http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2011/12/the-really-big-question-in-uk-economic-policy-what-are-low-gilt-yields-telling-us/. [Accessed: 2 January